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# Siril processing tutorial

## Pre-processing images

Once a sequence is loaded, images can be pre-processed, registered and stacked. The pre-processing is an optional, yet important, step and involves bias, dark and flat frames. Pre-processing a sequence in Siril can only be done with master bias, dark and flat frame, which have to be created from their sequences first. The way these master frames can be created is described in the sections below, see also the stacking documentation.

### Bias (offset)

A BIAS frame, sometimes called offset frame, is an image taken with the shutter closed and the shortest possible exposure time. Basically it corresponds to an exposure of 1/4000s with modern DSLRs. The BIAS shows the electronic noise and readout signal of the camera and the more BIAS exposures are used for the calculation of the master BIAS, the less noise will be introduced into the corrected images. Note that BIAS frames MUST be taken at the same ISO than light frames. The master bias frame should be created by stacking bias frames with the median algorithm (or Winsorized by checking the rejection levels at the end of the process, they should be lower than 0.5 percent), but be sure to use No Normalisation.

Here, a master BIAS, calculated from 10 single images with Winsorized sigma clipping.

   12:58:34: Pixel rejection in channel #0: 0.368% - 0.354%
12:58:34: Integration of 10 images:
12:58:34: Normalization ............. None
12:58:34: Pixel rejection ........... Winsorized sigma clipping
12:58:34: Rejection parameters ...... low=3.200 high=3.300


### Dark

Dark frames are made at the same exposure time and ISO as the subject light frames but in the dark: use your lens/telescope cap or close the shutter for example. They contain the thermal noise associated with the sensor, the noise being proportional to temperature and exposure time. Hence, they should be made at approximately the same temperature as the light frames, this is the reason why we make dark frames at the end, or in the middle of the imaging session. Like with the BIAS frames, the more dark exposures are used for the calculation of the master dark, the less noise will be introduced into the corrected images. The master dark frame should be created by stacking dark frames with the median algorithm (or Winsorized by checking the rejection levels at the end of the process, they should be lower than 0.5 percent), but be sure to use No Normalisation.

WARNING: Remember that dark frames are always composed from real dark signal and bias signal. If you don't apply dark optimization, you can leave the bias signal and your masterDark will be in fact $masterDark + masterBias$. In consequence subtracting this master to the light frames will remove both signals. However, applying dark optimization makes things different by multiplying masterDark by a coefficient factor not equal to 1. In this case, you must subtract masterBias from each dark frame.

Here, a master dark, calculated from 10 single images with Winsorized sigma clipping.

   13:00:40: Pixel rejection in channel #0: 0.340% - 0.384%
13:00:40: Integration of 10 images:
13:00:40: Normalization ............. None
13:00:40: Pixel rejection ........... Winsorized sigma clipping
13:00:40: Rejection parameters ...... low=3.200 high=3.300


### Flat

Telescopes usually do not illuminate the detector homogeneously. Moreover, dust on optical surfaces and sensor lead to darker patterns on resulting image, and the sensor itself has a different response to the number of photons hitting different photosites. To correct these effects one need to divide each light images by the master flat, which should be the median of single exposures of a homogeneously and non-saturating illuminated area.

WARNING: Remember that flat frames are always composed from real flat signal and bias signal. So you must subtract master-bias from each flat frames to obtain real master-flat. In addition, if flat frame exposures are too long, a dark-flat signal should also be removed.

Siril automatically evaluates the normalisation coefficient used in the flat division. However, this value can be self-evaluated.

The master flat frame should be created by stacking flat frames with the median algorithm (or Winsorized by checking the rejection levels at the end of the process, which should be lower than 0.500), and choose Multiplicative normalisation.

Here, a master flat, calculated from 9 single images with Winsorized sigma clipping method. Note that vignetting and dust are visible. Bayer pattern is also visible.

   13:05:23: Pixel rejection in channel #0: 0.388% - 0.304%
13:05:23: Integration of 9 images:
13:05:23: Normalization ............. multiplicative
13:05:23: Pixel rejection ........... Winsorized sigma clipping
13:05:23: Rejection parameters ...... low=3.400 high=3.700


### Pre-processing

The preprocessing operation consists in computing the following equation:
calibrated image $= \frac{light - masterDark - masterBias}{masterFlat - masterFlatDark - masterBias}$

For DSLR images, when dark optimization is not used and masterFlatDark not needed, one good method is to process like that:

• Integrate all bias to build master-bias
• Integrate all darks to build master-dark
• Calibrate flat frames with master-bias
• Integrate all calibrated flat to build master-flat
• Preprocess light frame with master-dark and master-flat

If you want to do the whole processing batch, once again with no masterFlatDark but with dark optimization, you must remove the master-bias from the master-dark before:

• Integrate all bias to build master-bias
• Calibrate dark frames with master-bias
• Integrate all calibrated darks to build master-dark
• Calibrate flat frames with master-bias
• Integrate all calibrated flat to build master-flat
• Preprocess light frame with master-bias, master-dark and master-flat

The pre-processing does not overwrites original FITS files from the sequence but creates new FITS files with the pre-processed data. The new file names are the same than the original prefixed with pp_ if you leave the default value in the prefix box. Below is an example of pre-processing using offset and dark files. Make sure that loaded sequence is the sequence of your light frames. Also, note that at the end of the process, the new sequence is automatically loaded.

Since 0.9.2 version, a new tool is available in the preprocessing tab: cosmetic correction. This tool search deviant pixels through master-dark and will correct them. You always should use this tool if you own master-dark. Please, pay attention to the CFA box. Check it if your monochrome pictures are CFA images. If you don't have master-dark (which should be avoided), you could use automatic cosmetic correction tool available through the "image processing" menu.

### Results examples

The result of a single frame pre-processed is given below. Note how dust have been removed from the light frame.

Another example of a well executed pre-processing stage is illustrated in the next animation. Look how the pixels of the thermal signal are removed from the picture.

### Special case of demosaicing

• Demosaicing (for Bayer-Pattern images only)

Last step in pre-processing images consist in getting back Red, Green and Blue channels using interpolation algorithms. To do that, Siril gives the choice between 5 different algorithms.

• VNG (default)
• Bilinear (low quality but fast)
• Nearest neighboor
• AHD
• Super Pixel (no interpolation, the pattern RGGB, or other, is used as a super pixel and the image size is divided by four).

Make your choice in the window below by clicking on Settings and Other Debayer tab.

To process the demosaicing, go back to Conversion Tab and fill the field as the example below:

Then check the Demosaicing button and click on the Convert Button right after. The demosaicing process should start and will take some time following the method you used and the CPU you own.

Finally you will have a new set of pre-processed light frames, automatically loaded in Siril, that you could register. Please note that at this stage you always have a lot of noise in your image. Indeed, pre-processing images with Dark, Bias and Flat do not remove noise but unwanted signal. The following Picture shows you the result of demosaicing. It is displayed in Auto-stretch visualisation mode in order to enhanced the visibility of signal but without altering your image.

Next item of the tutorial: Registration (Global star alignment).